Tamam Shud (10 page)

The worst abduction – though they are all the worst, really – was of Louise Bell in 1982. A stranger came in through her window, picked her up and carried her away through the front door, never to be seen again. Her mother was asleep in the house at the time. No one in Adelaide felt safe anymore.

Yet it is a safe city. I am acquainted with perilous cities. South London. Les banlieues in Paris. My own bit of Melbourne in its time. Such places require care, preparation and luck to get through unmolested. Don't carry a bag in your hand. Don't wear good clothes or look too rich. Don't carry a camera. Look straight ahead. Walk briskly, but not too fast or too slow. Never stop to consult a map. Do not ask for directions. And if you encounter the natives, melt spiritually into the streetscape and never, never meet their eyes. Aim to pass through with a ‘don't notice me – nothing to see here' field all around you. Act, in fact, like a scout in enemy territory.

Adelaide is not like that. One can walk around Adelaide in the middle of the night, as I and, indeed, my dad frequently did, and find no trouble if you aren't looking for it. (He was. I wasn't.) The only danger I ever felt was
when threatened with the prospect of a pie floater from the pie cart. A pie floater is a dish of green pea soup with a meat pie floating in it, topped with tomato sauce. It looks decorative, like an Italian flag or a Margarita pizza, and it probably tastes wonderful if you are drunk and hungry enough. Fortunately, you can also get the pie without the pea soup.

The pie floater is an Adelaide invention, as are frog cakes, which my father loved, though he usually didn't eat cake. Frog cakes are a form of
petit four
, made of cake, cream and green icing, in the shape of a frog with chocolate buttons for eyes. These days they are apparently made in strawberry and chocolate as well but in my time they were green icing or nothing. They have recently been awarded ‘icon' status.

So that's Adelaide. Justice, votes for women, the most sensitive skin in Australia and terrible drinking water. (Every time I arrive there I always forget that and brush my teeth with what tastes like industrial effluent.) Frog cakes, pie floaters and the Torrens system. The Family, Bevan Spencer Von Einem, slaughtered boys and a suburb called Paradise.

Strange.

There is an excellent book about The Family murders, written by Bob O'Brien, one of the detectives in the case, who puzzles over what it is about Adelaide that makes it produce such bizarre crimes. He is unable to
shed any light on the matter but if we return to the idea of cliques, we may have an answer or, at least, the beginning of an answer. If you operate in groups all the time, then if your particular group becomes corrupted, you are all corrupted. That is what happened with The Family and in Snowtown. Even Worrell and Miller were a clique of two. One psychopath is bad but when there are two psychopaths or more, the effect is not so much additional as exponential. That's why, when Adelaide is good, it is very, very good, and when it is bad, it is horrid.

That's the closest I can come to a theory. Adelaide is such a straight up and down city that there is no room for any deviation, so when deviation comes, it breaks all the rules. My home city, Melbourne, is also as straight as it comes. A grid system made by Mr Hoddle, with big streets in which one can turn a coach and four and little streets, to keep the service vehicles off the boulevards. Tree lined. Decorative. And, like the old Roman roads, it could have been ruled with a spear shaft. Parliament at the top, Spencer Street Station at the bottom. Square. But somehow Melbourne, in its angularity, allows eccentricity in the lanes and squares and strange little shops and markets. The most attractive Melbourne streetscape is an arcade. And the town hall is in the middle of the city, not at the top like Adelaide.

The Torrens River breaks Adelaide into two unequal parts and that is not good for a city. It means that sometimes
the left hand knows not what the right hand is doing. Which would, come to think of it, make Adelaide an admirable place for a nest of spies. (If that is the collective noun. A conspiracy, perhaps?) In true Adelaidian fashion, no outsider would ever know. But everyone inside the clique would…

Chapter Six

How long, how long, in infinite Pursuit

Of This and That endeavour and dispute?

Better be merry with the fruitful Grape

Than sadden after none, or bitter, fruit.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
, stanza 39

From the days of the International Workers of the World onwards, Communists in Australia were relatively well organised, trade union based, most of them, and thus, well, yes, a clique. They were also very careful. When I was working on the Waterside Workers Federation archives in Canberra, I had to crack two substitution codes to read some of the documents – mostly lists of names and contributors to strike funds. The codes weren't difficult. I suspect they were just meant to discourage the idle passer by, although I wouldn't have had the nerve to read those documents over Big Jim Healey's shoulder. When I was interviewing the old wharfies for my legal history thesis
on the 1928 waterfront strike – the research that gave me Phryne Fisher – they used to call me comrade. I was honoured. It was the first non-gender specific title I had ever had, apart from ‘mate', and only my father called me ‘mate'.

Nineteen forty-eight wasn't only the year of the Tamam Shud murder. It was also the year that a frightful scandal struck the diplomatic service in Australia, causing both the English and the Americans to cut us off from all their secrets. Canberra was leaking like a sieve. (Although I don't know why that is considered bad; after all, sieves are supposed to leak.) Information sent in conditions of utter secrecy had been disclosed to the Russians, otherwise known as The Enemy.

It is hard to recreate the fear in which Communists were held in that era. They were known as the Red Menace. Stalin had been exposed as a mass murderer of his own people, a totalitarian who gave a new and frightful meaning to the term. The Russians desperately wanted to duplicate the American success with the atom bomb but America had been faster at grabbing nuclear scientists when Germany fell and was ahead on points.

I remember the feeling of almost enjoyable dread in the seventies, knowing that some clown, either in the White House or the Kremlin, had his thumb on The Button and could wipe us all out. (Of the two, I was more afraid of the White House.) Tom Lehrer sang a merry
ditty called
We Will All Go Together When We Go
and the arms race ticked on to three minutes to midnight.

Nineteen forty-eight was close to the beginning of that story, the story of the Cold War. The only difference between a Cold War and a Hot War, as far as I can see, is the number of people getting killed at the same time and in the same place. The Cold War produced plenty of hot spots where a lot of people were becoming dead quite quickly – for instance, Korea and Vietnam. It also produced the spy dramas like
The Rat Catchers
and
Callan
, which I loved to watch with my dad. We read John Le Carre and Frederick Forsyth as well but it was all set in Britain or America or Prague, not here in sun-drenched Australia. While our Russian neighbours might very properly flinch at the thought of a visit from the KGB, no one seemed worried about ASIO kicking the doors in at 3 am. I am still not sure why. Possibly because there is something fundamentally anti-Australian about spying. Possibly because, until 1951, peacetime espionage was not illegal.

In an extremely thorough and very heavy tome called
The Defence of the Realm
, Christopher Andrew says that in 1947 some Russian telegrams were broken by a decryption process called VENONA because agents were re-using one-time pads. The decryption revealed that the Russians had received top secret British documents on post-war strategy from their mates in the Australian
Department of External Affairs, thereby demonstrating that Canberra was insecure. Promptly, the United States and England turned off the top-secret tap. It just wasn't safe to tell those Aussies anything.

Sir Percy Sillitoe, the Director General of MI5, was sent to improve Australian security, without telling anyone in that notoriously chatty place how England knew something was wrong. (They had a cover story.) This attempt came up against HV Evatt, the Minister for External Affairs, a man with many faults but a fine and razor-sharp legal mind. When informed that a ‘Soviet defector had told us that Australia was insecure', Evatt slashed the feeble cover story to bits. The British bit the bullet and let the Australians know about the decryptions.

Thereafter, the old system was abandoned and a shiny new one, modelled on MI5 and called ASIO (or Australian Security Intelligence Organisation), came into being on 16 March 1949. ASIO was required to consult the Security Liason Officer, an Englishman called Hambly, before they did anything but happily, Hambly reported that everyone was behaving like good little colonials and doing their best to trace and stop the leak.

ASIO had three main suspects, identified from the VENONA decrypts. One was a Tass journalist called Andreyevitch Nosov (Tass is an international news agency based in Russia). His code name was TEKHNIK and VENONA said he was the main point of contact for all
Russian spies in Australia. Mr Andrew's account of ASIO attempting to bug Nosov's flat would have made good material for the Keystone Kops. Apparently they drilled a hole in the floor of the flat above to insert a microphone, only to find the Nosov carpet covered in plaster dust. If the spy had looked up, wondering about the source of the dust, he would have seen a really visible microphone in his ceiling. Subtle.

ASIO managed to get in and clean up Nosov's flat but it wasn't an encouraging beginning. The next person identified by VENONA was Jim Hill, who was appointed first secretary to the Australian High Commission in London early in 1950 so that the experts at MI5 could keep an eye on him. Hill was interrogated by Jim Skardon, MI5's lead interrogator and the man who had coaxed a confession out of Klaus Fuchs (a German-British theoretical physicist and atomic spy). All he got out of Hill was complete denial and protestations of innocence but the discovery that Hill had been questioned led to the defection of the third person of interest, Ian Milner, whose codename was BUR.

Milner was an Australian diplomat, who had become a Communist at Oxford in 1934. He had been seconded to the United Nations in New York in 1946. After he heard about Hill, although possibly for other and unrelated reasons, he packed up and left for Prague, where he spent the rest of his life peacefully teaching English
Literature at the university. Meanwhile, Hill returned to Australia, resigned from the External Affairs Department in 1950 and vanished out of history

The weird thing – to me, at least – is that everyone who was anyone knew that the main Communist agent in Australia was Wally ‘Pop' Clayton, codename KLOD. That sounds far too much like Tintin to me. KLOD, indeed. Clayton had a circle of like-minded friends and was described as ‘shadowy' and ‘furtive' but also ‘not unlikeable'. Because the source of the intelligence was far too secret to disclose, Wally was never prosecuted.

Andrews says that arrangements were made by the Russians to fly him to Moscow but his passport was revoked before that could happen. In any case, he ended up as a snapper fisherman in Nelson Bay.

That never happened in
Callan
.

Wally Clayton was missing between 1947 and 1952, presumably in Russia, so he probably didn't know Somerton Man. But this Communist scandal was to provide Robert Gordon Menzies with fuel for scare campaigns for the rest of his seemingly endless career. It is hard to sort out what actually was happening, due to the difference of opinion among historians. The Left have insisted all along that there was no Communist spy scandal, that it was all a beat-up. The Right insisted that it was real and serious. Now that a large number of documents have been released, clear analysis has been obscured by the
Right saying ‘nyah nyah na na-na, we told you so'. None of which is helpful. It was real; it wasn't just a beat-up. Surely we can agree on that?

Having agreed, what we got was an attempt to outlaw the Communist Party, known as
The Communist Party Dissolution Act
, which passed into law in 1950. It was promptly challenged by the Waterside Workers Federation (of which my dad was a member), and they managed to attract the formidable Doc Evatt as their spokesman. The High Court struck down the Act by a majority of six to one, largely because it had a reverse onus – that is, you had to prove you weren't a Communist. The court also stated that the penalties were too heavy – five years' jail – and that the act precluded an appeal to a higher court. (Courts absolutely hate being precluded.) So Menzies decided to put it to a referendum, even though referenda have a truly sorry history in Australia.

One of the most quoted speeches in Australian legal history was made by Evatt. I was required to read it as a law student.

First the Reds, then the Jews, then the Trade Unionists, then the Social Democrats, then the Catholic Centre Party, then the Roman Catholic and Lutheran Churches. It is the old Totalitarian road; the road that led to the horrors of Belsen; the way that lost millions of lives in the Second World
War and untold sacrifices of our peoples in the world struggle against Hitler, Mussolini and Japan.

It was a version of the speech attributed to Pastor Martin Niemoller:

First they came for the Communists and I did not speak out because I was not a Communist.

Then they came for the Socialists and I did not speak out because I was not a Socialist.

Then they came for the trade unionists and I did not speak out because I was not a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Jews and I did not speak out because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak out for me.

As my Welsh ancestors might have admiringly said, ‘There's words'.