Read Dinner With Churchill: Policy-Making at the Dinner Table Online
Authors: Cita Stelzer
Tags: #General, #Biography & Autobiography, #Military, #History, #World War II, #20th Century, #Europe, #World, #International Relations, #Historical, #Political Science, #Great Britain, #Modern, #Cooking, #Entertaining
Dinner With Churchill: Policy-Making at the Dinner Table (28 page)
Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower during the lead up to D-Day. He later served as American Ambassador to the Soviet Union and Director of the CIA.
Despite having led a guerrilla campaign against British forces in the second Boer War, Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870–1950) was not only a political champion of South African involvement on the British side in both world wars, but served in the British Army in the First World War and was raised to the rank of British Field Marshal in the Second World War. He was a member of the
Imperial War Cabinet. A scholar as well as a soldier and friend of Churchill, he was a driving influence in the creation of the League of Nations after the first conflict and the United Nations after the second conflict. He was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1919 to 1924 and from 1939 until 1948, when he lost power to the National Party which campaigned against Smuts’ increasingly liberal attitude to racial segregation, which it replaced with apartheid.
US Secretary of State, 1944–45. One of the architects of the UN, he stepped down as President Truman’s Secretary of State in order to become the first US Ambassador to the UN, but resigned in 1946, unhappy at Truman’s attitude towards the assembly. Died in 1949, aged only 49.
US Secretary of State, 1929–33, and Secretary for War, 1911–13 and 1940–45. Already aged 73 when in 1940 Roosevelt asked him to return to the post of Secretary for War which he had last held before the First World War, Stimson was a noted “hawk” in Washington against both the German and Japanese regimes.
Churchill’s bodyguard. He had been Lloyd George’s bodyguard from 1917 to 1920, when he took over Churchill’s security. He retired in 1936 to become a grocer, but returned to be Churchill’s bodyguard throughout the Second World War.
A Flag Lieutenant at the Admiralty, he was responsible for organising Churchill’s wartime travels both in Britain and overseas,
accompanying him throughout and journeying over 40,000 miles in doing so.
US President, 1945–53. A Missouri haberdasher by trade who assumed the highest office on Roosevelt’s death, although widely discounted as greatly inferior in stature and ability to Roosevelt, whom he had served as Vice-President. Despite winning
re-election
in 1948, he suffered low popularity during his presidency, although subsequent analysis of his handling of foreign affairs, in particular his decision to use nuclear weapons on Japan, contain communism, sanction the Marshall Plan programme to rebuild Western Europe and engage in the Korean War has led to his being adjudged one of the most underrated presidents in American history.
US Under-Secretary of State, 1937–43. Roosevelt described him as “the only man in the State Department who really knew what was going on”. Born into a wealthy and influential New York family, Welles had been a page boy at the wedding of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. The two men had a strong rapport and Welles wielded more personal influence on foreign policy matters with the President than the Secretary of State, Cordell Hull. Hull was among Welles’s political enemies who forced his retirement by threatening to reveal his homosexual importuning. Thereafter, he attempted suicide and retreated into alcoholism and the manipulative care of his manservant, Gustave.
Unsuccessful Republican contender in the 1940 presidential election. Initially a Democrat, Willkie had come to prominence
campaigning against aspects of Roosevelt’s New Deal and was the surprise “outsider” choice on the Republicans’ 1940 ticket. Despite some tactical backflips during the election campaign, he was mostly a vocal supporter of sending aid to Britain, in contrast to some isolationists in his party. After his defeat, he divided his party by backing Roosevelt’s lend lease policy and was sent by the President as a personal wartime emissary to Britain, the Soviet Union and China. Having failed to be re-adopted as the Republican contender and toying with establishing his own Liberal Party, he died in 1944, age 52.
Churchill’s doctor from 1939. Awarded the Military Cross for his valour on the front line in the Medical Corps during the First World War. As President of the Royal College of Physicians, 1941–50, he was active in the establishment of the National Health Service. Knighted in 1938, he became Lord Moran in 1943. His decision to publish his account of life with Churchill, including details of his physical decline, the year after Churchill’s death, was widely condemned for its questionable ethics, although it provided much informative detail for the historian. He died in 1977.
US Ambassador to Britain from 1941 to 1946, much respected and admired there. He was dining with Churchill when news of the attack on Pearl Harbor was received. Despite the high regard in which he was held, he suffered depression and committed suicide in 1947.
Born Frederick Marquis in 1893, he was Chairman of the John Lewis department store chain from 1936 to 1951. Created Lord
Woolton in 1939, he proved a successful and popular Minister of Food, overseeing rationing, and was Minister of Reconstruction from 1943 to 1945. He was subsequently a successful Chairman of the Conservative Party, helping to revive its post-war fortunes and modernise its organisation, thus contributing to his re-election. He died in 1964.
A journalist, author and a Labour MP, he served as Personal
Assistant
to Sir Stafford Cripps in India. He was knighted in 1983 and became Baron Wyatt of Weeford in 1987. He wrote three
volumes
of scandalously delicious diaries.
NB: Full details of all publications referred to in these notes can be found in the bibliography, following
1
. Churchill to the House of Commons, 3 November 1953, Hansard HC Deb 5s., vol. 520, col. 29
2
. D’Este, Carlo,
Warlord
, p. 386
3
. CHAR 2/240B/70, and CHAR 2/240B/152
4
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Volume V, p. 617
5
. Gilbert (ed.),
The Churchill War Papers, The Ever-Widening War
, Volume 3, p. 320
6
. Bradford, Sarah,
George
VI
, p. 450
7
. Soames,
Mary Clementine Churchill
, p. 445
8
. Gilbert,
Churchill, Finest Hour, 1939-1941
, Volume VI, p. 160
9
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill, 1917-1922
, Volume IV, p 35
10
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill, Road to Victory, 1941-1945
, Volume VII, p. 664
11
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Volume VII, p. 802
12
. Pawle,
The War and Colonel Warden
, p. 69
13
. Pawle, p. 190
14
. CHUR 1/285
15
. Kass,
The Hungry Soul, Eating and the Perfecting of our Nature
, p. 182
SECTION 1
The Importance of Dinners
1
. Wilson, “World of Books,” commenting on Roy Jenkins’ life of Churchill,
Daily Telegraph
, 7 June, 2004
2
. Sir Christopher Meyer to the author
3
. Soames,
Mary Clementine Churchill
, p. 260
4
. “In Honour Bound: My Father, Lord Mountbatten”, talk by The Countess Mountbatten of Burma, in
Proceedings of the International Churchill Societies
, p. 5
5
. Bonham Carter,
Winston Churchill as I Knew Him
, p. 16
6
. Skidelsky,
John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937-1946
, p. 80
7
. Coote,
The Other Club
. Endpapers
8
. www.bbm.org.uk/Savoyhotel.htm
9
. Macmillan,
The Past Masters 1906-1939
, p. 150
10
. Gilbert (ed.),
War Papers
, Volume 3, p. 421
11
. Martin,
Lady Randolph Churchill, The Dramatic Years, 1895-1921
, p. 295
12
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill, Prophet of Truth,
Volume V,
1922-1939
, p. 265
13
. Manchester, William,
The Last Lion
, Volume 2, p. 27
14
. Roberts, Andrew,
Masters and Commanders
, p. 80
15
.
The Washington Post, 27
December, 1941
16
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill, The Stricken World, 1917-1922
, Volume IV, p. 138
17
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, Volume IV, pp. 138-9
18
. Kramnick, Isaac and Sherman, Barry,
Harold Laski: A Life on the Left
, p. 1
19
. DeWolfe, Mark (ed.),
Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold Laski, 1916-1953
, p. 1136
20
. Henderson, Nicholas
The Private Office Revisited
, p. 83
21
. Davies, Joseph E.,
Mission to Moscow
, p. 150
22
. Letter from the 4th Lord Dufferin and Ava. Lord Dufferin added, “I shall ever remember the evening throughout my life”. CHAR 1/232/11
23
. CHAR 1/232/ 7
24
. CHAR 1/242/21
25
. Nasaw, David,
The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst
, p. 418
26
. CHAR 1/254/39
27
. Wyatt,
To The Point
, p. 32
28
. CHAR 1/244/81
29
. Gilbert, email to the author, 19 April 2011
30
. Buchan-Hepburn, Patrick, to Sir Martin Gilbert,
In Search of Churchill: A Historian’s Journey
, p. 304
31
. James Scrymgeour-Wedderburn, quoted in Gilbert,
In Search of Churchill, A Historian’s Journey
, p. 231
32
. Montague Browne, Anthony,
The Long Sunset
, p. 116
33
. Montague Browne, p. 118
34
. In conversation with the author
35
. Soames (ed.),
Speaking for Themselves
, p. 344
36
. Edward Rothstein, “Contemplating Churchill,”
Smithsonian
, March 2005, p. 91
37
. Soames (ed.), p. 259
38
. CHAR 1/386/16
39
. CHAR 1/386/17
40
. CHAR 7/15/103
41
. CHAR 7/15/99
42
. Martin, Ralph G.,
Lady Randolph Churchill
, Volume I, p. 149, from George W. Smalley,
Anglo-American Memories
, 1911
43
. Churchill,
My Early Life
, p. 150
44
. Cooke, Alistair,
General Eisenhower and the Military Churchill
, p. 52
45
. CHAR 1/315/121 and CHAR 1/268/98
46
. CHAR 1/254/40 and CHAR 1/282/66
47
. CHAR 1/315/125
48
. CHAR 1/315/122
49
. CHAR 1/315/123
50
. Cooper,
Trumpets from the Steep
, p. 180
51
. Norwich, John Julius (ed.),
The Duff Cooper Diaries
, 11 January 1944
52
. Letter from Jo Sturdee, later Countess of Onslow, to her family from Hotel de la Mamounia, Marrakesh, Morocco, 7 January 1948. CHUR/ON SL 2
53
. Graebner,
My Dear Mr. Churchill
, p. 78
54
. Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill, Road to Victory, 1941-1945
, Volume VII, p. 979
55
. Moran,
Winston S. Churchill, The Struggle for Survival
, p. 213
56
. Pawle, p. 344
57
. Colville,
The Fringes of Power
, p. 639
58
. Reported by Elizabeth Olson, “Churchill’s Lifelong Romance With a Feisty Former Colony,”
The New York Times
, 7 February 2004
59
. Cohen,
Supreme Command
, p. 118
Meeting off Newfoundland
1
. FDR to WSC on the occasion of FDR’s 60th birthday, in response to the Prime Minister’s birthday wishes, Moran, p. 25
2
. Larson, Philip P., “Encounters with Chicago”,
Finest Hour
118, p. 30.
3
. McJimsey,
The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
, p. 138
4
. Churchill,
The Second World War, The Grand Alliance
, Volume III, p. 427
5
. Colville, p. 415
6
. Colville, p. 368
7
. Colville, p. 369
8
. Dilks, David (ed.),
Cadogan
, p. 395
9
. Morton, H.,
Atlantic Meeting
, p. 74
10
. Dilks (ed.), p. 396
11
. Joan Bright in conversation with the author
12
. Lash,
Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939-1941
, p. 391
13
. Gilbert (ed.),
The Churchill War Papers
, Volume 3, p. 1036
14
. Lash,
Roosevelt and Churchill
, p. 391
15
. Wilson, Theodore,
The First Summit
, p. 92
16
. Morton, p. 104
17
. Wilson, p. 104
18
. Although the press was barred, Morton and Howard Spring, a novelist, were invited to go along to describe what they saw. They were not told where they were going and were sworn to secrecy by Brendan Bracken. Morton asked
an important question: “Should I pack a dinner jacket?” Bracken said, “yes”.
19
. Morton, p. 105
20
. Montague Browne,
The Long Sunset
, p. 230
21
. Langworth, Richard, “On Turtles and Turtle Soup”,
Finest Hour
146, p. 25
22
. CHUR 2/96B/224
23
. Morton, p. 95
24
. Wilson, p. 106
25
. Richardson,
From Churchill’s Secret Circle to the BBC: The Biography of Lt. Gen. Sir Ian Jacob
, p. 67
26
. Martin,
Downing Street: The War Years
, p. 59
27
.
Ibid
., photo insert following p. 56
28
. Gilbert,
Churchill: A Life
, p. 889
29
. Gilbert, Volume VI, p. 1168
Christmas at the White House
1
. Kimball (ed.),
Churchill & Roosevelt, The Complete Correspondence
, Volume I, p. 286
2
. Smith, Jean Edward,
FDR
, p. 542
3
. Meiklejohn, Diaries, Reel 52. Harriman had also brought over the gift of an electric shaver which the Prime Minister wanted to use constantly. Voltages were of course a problem.
4
. Churchill, Volume III, p. 538
5
. Harvey (ed.), p. 70
6
. Kimball (ed.), p. 286
7
. Ive, p. 72
8
. Richardson, pp. 84-85. Jacob joined Churchill on the
Duke of York
.
9
. Soames (ed.),
Speaking For Themselves
, p. 461
10
. Pawle,
The War and Colonel Warden
, p.145
11
. Martin, John,
Downing Street; The War Years
, p. 69
12
. Gilbert,
Churchill
, Road to Victory, 1941-1945, Volume VII, p. 18
13
. Pawle, London 1963, p. 146
14
. Gilbert,
Churchill
, Volume VII, p. 18
15
. Gilbert,
Churchill
, Volume VII, p. 9
16
. Richardson,
Diary
, p. 88
17
. Leasor (ed.),
War at the Top, The Experiences of Sir Leslie Hollis
, p. 29
18
. Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time
, p. 301
19
.
Time
magazine, 5 January, 1942
20
. Roberts,
Masters and Commanders
, p. 84
21
. Fields,
My 21 Years in the White House
, p. 81
22
. Goodwin, p. 302
23
. Stiegler, Sam, interviews. From Medford Afro-American Remembrance Project, p. 7
24
. Fields, p. 51
25
. François Rysavy as told to Frances Spatz Leighton,
A Treasury of White House Cooking
, p. 79
26
. Lady Williams, In conversation with the author, April 2010
27
. Macmillan,
Tides of Fortune
, p. 322
28
. Graebner,
My Dear Mr. Churchill
, p. 53
29
. Harriman papers, Box 446, Folder 2
30
. Nesbitt, Henrietta,
White House Diary
, p. 30
31
. Nesbitt, p. 273
32
. Jenkins,
Churchill: A Biography
, p. 672
33
. Bohlen,
Witness to History,
1929-1969, p. 143
34
. Burns,
Roosevelt, The Soldier of Freedom, 1940-1945
, p. 178
35
. Nesbitt papers, Library of Congress
36
. Whitcomb, John and Claire,
Real Life at the White House
, p. 306
37
. McGowan, Norman,
My Years With Churchill
, 1958, p. 70
38
. Roberts p. 68
39
. Roberts, p. 69
40
. Jenkins, p. 672
41
.
New York Times
, 11 January 1942
42
. Bercuson and Herwig,
One Christmas in Washington
, p. 154
43
. Goodwin, p. 302
44
. Gilbert, Volume VII, p. 27
45
.
Ibid
.
46
. Gilbert, Volume VII, p. 28
47
. Richardson, p. 91
48
. Bercuson and Herwig, p. 164
49
. Moran, p. 12
50
. Roberts, Masters, p. 84
51
. Pawle, p 155
52
. Roberts p. 77